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4−3−27. Operations at Uncontrolled Airports With Automated Surface Observing System
(ASOS)/Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) .................... 4−3−37
Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation
4−4−1. Clearance ............................................................ 4−4−1
4−4−2. Clearance Prefix ...................................................... 4−4−1
4−4−3. Clearance Items ....................................................... 4−4−1
4−4−4. Amended Clearances ................................................... 4−4−3
4−4−5. Coded Departure Route (CDR) ........................................... 4−4−3
4−4−6. Special VFR Clearances ................................................ 4−4−3
4−4−7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance ............................... 4−4−4
4−4−8. IFR Clearance VFR−on−top ............................................. 4−4−5
4−4−9. VFR/IFR Flights ...................................................... 4−4−6
4−4−10. Adherence to Clearance ............................................... 4−4−6
4−4−11. IFR Separation Standards .............................................. 4−4−8
4−4−12. Speed Adjustments ................................................... 4−4−8
4−4−13. Runway Separation ................................................... 4−4−11
4−4−14. Visual Separation ..................................................... 4−4−11
4−4−15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures and Scanning Techniques .................. 4−4−12
4−4−16. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I & II) .................. 4−4−13
4−4−17. Traffic Information Service (TIS) ........................................ 4−4−14
Section 5. Surveillance Systems
4−5−1. Radar ............................................................... 4−5−1
4−5−2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (A TCRBS) ......................... 4−5−3
4−5−3. Surveillance Radar .................................................... 4−5−4
4−5−4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR) ......................................... 4−5−4
4−5−5. Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE −X)/Airport Surface Surveillance
Capability (ASSC) .................................................... 4−5−4
4−5−6. Traffic Information Service (TIS) ......................................... 4−5−5
4−5−7. Automatic Dependent Surveillance −Broadcast (ADS−B) Services ............... 4−5−12
4−5−8. Traffic Information Service − Broadcast (TIS−B) ............................. 4−5−17
4−5−9. Flight Information Service − Broadcast (FIS−B) .............................. 4−5−18
4−5−10. Automatic Dependent Surveillance −Rebroadcast (ADS−R) ................... 4−5−21
Section 6. Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical
Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore
Airspace and the San Juan FIR
4−6−1. Applicability and RVSM Mandate (Date/Time and Area) ...................... 4−6−1
4−6−2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme ......................................... 4−6−1
4−6−3. Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM Monitoring and
Databases for Aircraft and Operator Approval .............................. 4−6−2
4−6−4. Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace ...................................... 4−6−3
4−6−5. Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and Procedures ............................. 4−6−4
4−6−6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MW A) ........... 4−6−4
4−6−7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence ........................................... 4−6−6
4−6−8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology ............................................. 4−6−6
4−6−9. Contingency Actions: Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures that
Occur After Entry into RVSM Airspace ................................... 4−6−7
4−6−10. Procedures for Accommodation of Non −RVSM Aircraft ...................... 4−6−9
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4−6−11. Non− RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from Flight Levels Above
RVSM Airspace Without Intermediate Level Off ........................... 4−6−10
Section 7. Operational Policy/Procedures for the Gulf of America 50 NM
Lateral Separation Initiative
4−7−1. Introduction and General Policies ......................................... 4−7−1
4−7−2. Accommodating Non−RNP 10 Aircraft .................................... 4−7−1
4−7−3. Obtaining RNP 10 or RNP 4 Operational Authorization ....................... 4−7−1
4−7−4. Authority for Operations with a Single Long −Range Navigation System .......... 4−7−2
4−7−5. Flight Plan Requirements ............................................... 4−7−2
4−7−6. Contingency Procedures ................................................ 4−7−2
Chapter 5. Air Traffic Procedures
Section 1. Preflight
5−1−1. Preflight Preparation ................................................... 5−1−1
5−1−2. Follow IFR Procedures Even When Operating VFR .......................... 5−1−2
5−1−3. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System ...................................... 5−1−3
5−1−4. Operational Information System (OIS) ..................................... 5−1−9
5−1−5. Flight Plan − VFR Flights ............................................... 5−1−10
5−1−6. Flight Plan − IFR Flights ................................................ 5−1−11
5−1−7. Flight Plans For Military/DoD Use Only ................................... 5−1−15
5−1−8. Flight Plan – Defense VFR (DVFR) Flights ................................. 5−1−15
5−1−9. Single Flights Conducted With Both VFR and IFR Flight Plans ................. 5−1−16
5−1−10. IFR Operations to High Altitude Destinations .............................. 5−1−16
5−1−11. Flights Outside U.S. Territorial Airspace .................................. 5−1−17
5−1−12. Change in Flight Plan ................................................. 5−1−18
5−1−13. Change in Proposed Departure Time ..................................... 5−1−18
5−1−14. Closing VFR/DVFR Flight Plans ........................................ 5−1−18
5−1−15. Canceling IFR Flight Plan .............................................. 5−1−18
5−1−16. RNA V and RNP Operations ............................................ 5−1−19
5−1−17. Cold Temperature Operations ........................................... 5−1−20
Section 2. Departure Procedures
5−2−1. Pre-taxi Clearance Procedures ........................................... 5−2−1
5−2−2. Automated Pre−Departure Clearance Procedures ............................. 5−2−1
5−2−3. IFR Clearances Off Uncontrolled Airports .................................. 5−2−2
5−2−4. Taxi Clearance ........................................................ 5−2−2
5−2−5. Line Up and Wait (LUAW) .............................................. 5−2−2
5−2−6. Abbreviated IFR Departure Clearance (Cleared. . .as Filed) Procedures ........... 5−2−4
5−2−7. Departure Restrictions, Clearance V oid Times, Hold for Release, and Release
Times ............................................................... 5−2−5
5−2−8. Departure Control ..................................................... 5−2−6
5−2−9. Instrument Departure Procedures (DP) − Obstacle Departure Procedures
(ODP), Standard Instrument Departures (SID), and Diverse V ector Areas
(DV A) .............................................................. 5−2−7
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Section 3. En Route Procedures
Paragraph Page
5−3−1. ARTCC Communications ............................................... 5−3−1
5−3−2. Position Reporting ..................................................... 5−3−17
5−3−3. Additional Reports ..................................................... 5−3−19
5−3−4. Airways and Route Systems ............................................. 5−3−20
5−3−5. Airway or Route Course Changes ......................................... 5−3−22
5−3−6. Changeover Points (COPs) .............................................. 5−3−23
5−3−7. Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA) ........................................ 5−3−23
5−3−8. Holding ............................................................. 5−3−24
Section 4. Arrival Procedures
5−4−1. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) Procedures .............................. 5−4−1
5−4−2. Local Flow Traffic Management Program .................................. 5−4−3
5−4−3. Approach Control ..................................................... 5−4−4
5−4−4. Advance Information on Instrument Approach .............................. 5−4−5
5−4−5. Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Charts ............................... 5−4−5
5−4−6. Approach Clearance ................................................... 5−4−28
5−4−7. Instrument Approach Procedures ......................................... 5−4−30
5−4−8. Special Instrument Approach Procedures ................................... 5−4−32
5−4−9. Procedure Turn and Hold−in−lieu of Procedure Turn .......................... 5−4−33
5−4−10. Timed Approaches from a Holding Fix ................................... 5−4−36
5−4−11. Radar Approaches .................................................... 5−4−38
5−4−12. Radar Monitoring of Instrument Approaches ............................... 5−4−39
5−4−13. Simultaneous Approaches to Parallel Runways ............................. 5−4−40
5−4−14. Simultaneous Dependent Approaches ..................................... 5−4−42
5−4−15. Simultaneous Independent ILS/RNA V/GLS Approaches ...................... 5−4−44
5−4−16. Simultaneous Close Parallel PRM Approaches and Simultaneous Offset
Instrument Approaches (SOIA) ......................................... 5−4−46
5−4−17. Simultaneous Converging Instrument Approaches ........................... 5−4−53
5−4−18. RNP AR (Authorization Required) Instrument Procedures .................... 5−4−53
5−4−19. Side−step Maneuver .................................................. 5−4−55
5−4−20. Approach and Landing Minimums ....................................... 5−4−55
5−4−21. Missed Approach ..................................................... 5−4−58
5−4−22. Use of Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS) on Instrument Approaches ...... 5−4−61
5−4−23. Visual Approach ..................................................... 5−4−65
5−4−24. Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) .................................. 5−4−66
5−4−25. Contact Approach .................................................... 5−4−66
5−4−26. Landing Priority ...................................................... 5−4−67
5−4−27. Overhead Approach Maneuver .......................................... 5−4−67
Section 5. Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities
5−5−1. General .............................................................. 5−5−1
5−5−2. Air Traffic Clearance ................................................... 5−5−1
5−5−3. Contact Approach ..................................................... 5−5−2
5−5−4. Instrument Approach ................................................... 5−5−2
5−5−5. Missed Approach ...................................................... 5−5−3
5−5−6. V ectors .............................................................. 5−5−4
5−5−7. Safety Alert .......................................................... 5−5−4
5−5−8. See and Avoid ........................................................ 5−5−5
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5−5−9. Speed Adjustments .................................................... 5−5−5
5−5−10. Traffic Advisories (Traffic Information) ................................... 5−5−6
5−5−11. Visual Approach ..................................................... 5−5−6
5−5−12. Visual Separation ..................................................... 5−5−7
5−5−13. VFR-on-top ......................................................... 5−5−8
5−5−14. Instrument Departures ................................................. 5−5−8
5−5−15. Minimum Fuel Advisory ............................................... 5−5−9
5−5−16. RNA V and RNP Operations ............................................ 5−5−9
Section 6. National Security and Interception Procedures
5−6−1. National Security ...................................................... 5−6−1
5−6−2. National Security Requirements .......................................... 5−6−1
5−6−3. Definitions ........................................................... 5−6−1
5−6−4. ADIZ Requirements ................................................... 5−6−2
5−6−5. Civil Aircraft Operations To or From U.S. Territorial Airspace ................. 5−6−4
5−6−6. Civil Aircraft Operations Within U.S. Territorial Airspace ..................... 5−6−4
5−6−7. Civil Aircraft Operations Transiting U.S. Territorial Airspace .................. 5−6−5
5−6−8. Foreign State Aircraft Operations ......................................... 5−6−6
5−6−9. FAA/TSA Airspace Waivers ............................................. 5−6−8
5−6−10. TSA Aviation Security Programs ........................................ 5−6−8
5−6−11. FAA Flight Routing Authorizations ...................................... 5−6−8
5−6−12. Emergency Security Control of Air Traffic (ESCA T) ........................ 5−6−8
5−6−13. Interception Procedures ................................................ 5−6−9
5−6−14. Interception Signals ................................................... 5−6−11
5−6−15. ADIZ Boundaries and Designated Mountainous Areas (See FIG 5 −6−3.) ......... 5−6−14
5−6−16. Visual Warning System (VWS) .......................................... 5−6−15
Chapter 6. Emergency Procedures
Section 1. General
6−1−1. Pilot Responsibility and Authority ........................................ 6−1−1
6−1−2. Emergency Condition − Request Assistance Immediately ...................... 6−1−1
Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots
6−2−1. Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty ................................ 6−2−1
6−2−2. Transponder Emergency Operation ........................................ 6−2−1
6−2−3. Intercept and Escort .................................................... 6−2−1
6−2−4. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) ..................................... 6−2−2
6−2−5. FAA K−9 Explosives Detection Team Program .............................. 6−2−4
6−2−6. Search and Rescue ..................................................... 6−2−4
Section 3. Distress and Urgency Procedures
6−3−1. Distress and Urgency Communications .................................... 6−3−1
6−3−2. Obtaining Emergency Assistance ......................................... 6−3−1
6−3−3. Ditching Procedures ................................................... 6−3−3
6−3−4. Special Emergency (Air Piracy) .......................................... 6−3−7
6−3−5. Fuel Dumping ........................................................ 6−3−8
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Section 4. T wo‐way Radio Communications Failure
Paragraph Page
6−4−1. Two-way Radio Communications Failure ................................... 6−4−1
6−4−2. Transponder Operation During Two-way Communications Failure .............. 6−4−2
6−4−3. Reestablishing Radio Contact ............................................ 6−4−2
Section 5. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Communications
6−5−1. Discrete Emergency Frequency ........................................... 6−5−1
6−5−2. Radio Call Signs ...................................................... 6−5−1
6−5−3. ARFF Emergency Hand Signals .......................................... 6−5−1
Chapter 7. Safety of Flight
Section 1. Meteorology
7−1−1. National Weather Service Aviation Weather Service Program .................. 7−1−1
7−1−2. FAA Weather Services .................................................. 7−1−2
7−1−3. Use of Aviation Weather Products ........................................ 7−1−3
7−1−4. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) .................................... 7−1−6
7−1−5. Preflight Briefing ...................................................... 7−1−8
7−1−6. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories ...................................... 7−1−11
7−1−7. Categorical Ceiling and Visibility Conditions ............................... 7−1−22
7−1−8. Inflight Weather Advisory Broadcasts ..................................... 7−1−22
7−1−9. Flight Information Services (FIS) ......................................... 7−1−23
7−1−10. Weather Observing Programs ........................................... 7−1−27
7−1−11. Weather Radar Services ................................................ 7−1−36
7−1−12. A TC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance ............................... 7−1−40
7−1−13. Runway Visual Range (RVR) ........................................... 7−1−42
7−1−14. Reporting of Cloud Heights ............................................ 7−1−43
7−1−15. Reporting Prevailing Visibility .......................................... 7−1−44
7−1−16. Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets ................................ 7−1−44
7−1−17. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) ................. 7−1−44
7−1−18. Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) ......................................... 7−1−44
7−1−19. PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing ....................................... 7−1−46
7−1−20. Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms ....................................... 7−1−47
7−1−21. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence .......................................... 7−1−48
7−1−22. Wind Shear PIREPs ................................................... 7−1−49
7−1−23. Clear Air Turbulence (CA T) PIREPs ..................................... 7−1−50
7−1−24. Microbursts ......................................................... 7−1−50
7−1−25. PIREPs Relating to V olcanic Ash Activity ................................. 7−1−61
7−1−26. Thunderstorms ....................................................... 7−1−62
7−1−27. Thunderstorm Flying .................................................. 7−1−62
7−1−28. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) 7 −1−65
7−1−29. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats ............. 7−1−67
Section 2. Barometric Altimeter Errors and Setting Procedures
7−2−1. General .............................................................. 7−2−1
7−2−2. Barometric Pressure Altimeter Errors ...................................... 7−2−1
7−2−3. Altimeter Errors ....................................................... 7−2−1
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Section 3. Cold Temperature Barometric Altimeter Errors, Setting
Procedures and Cold Temperature Airports (CTA)
Paragraph Page
7−3−1. Effect of Cold Temperature on Barometric Altimeters ........................ 7−3−1
7−3−2. Pre−Flight Planning for Cold Temperature Altimeter Errors .................... 7−3−1
7−3−3. Effects of Cold Temperature on Baro −V ertical Navigation (VNA V) V ertical
Guidance ............................................................ 7−3−1
7−3−4. Cold Temperature Airports (CTA) ........................................ 7−3−2
7−3−5. Cold Temperature Airport Procedures ..................................... 7−3−3
7−3−6. Examples for Calculating Altitude Corrections on CTAs ....................... 7−3−6
Section 4. Wake T urbulence
7−4−1. General .............................................................. 7−4−1
7−4−2. V ortex Generation ..................................................... 7−4−1
7−4−3. V ortex Strength ....................................................... 7−4−1
7−4−4. V ortex Behavior ....................................................... 7−4−2
7−4−5. Operations Problem Areas ............................................... 7−4−5
7−4−6. V ortex Avoidance Procedures ............................................ 7−4−6
7−4−7. Helicopters ........................................................... 7−4−6
7−4−8. Pilot Responsibility .................................................... 7−4−7
7−4−9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations ................................... 7−4−8
Section 5. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and
Forests
7−5−1. Migratory Bird Activity ................................................. 7−5−1
7−5−2. Reducing Bird Strike Risks .............................................. 7−5−1
7−5−3. Reporting Bird Strikes .................................................. 7−5−1
7−5−4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities ................................ 7−5−1
7−5−5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards ......................... 7−5−2
7−5−6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas ...... 7−5−2
Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards
7−6−1. Accident Causal Factors ................................................ 7−6−1
7−6−2. Reporting Radio/Radar Altimeter Anomalies ................................ 7−6−1
7−6−3. VFR in Congested Areas ................................................ 7−6−2
7−6−4. Obstructions To Flight .................................................. 7−6−2
7−6−5. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons .................................. 7−6−4
7−6−6. Unmanned Aircraft Systems ............................................. 7−6−4
7−6−7. Mountain Flying ...................................................... 7−6−5
7−6−8. Use of Runway Half−way Signs at Unimproved Airports ...................... 7−6−7
7−6−9. Seaplane Safety ....................................................... 7−6−8
7−6−10. Flight Operations in V olcanic Ash ....................................... 7−6−9
7−6−11. Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft ........................... 7−6−10
7−6−12. Precipitation Static ................................................... 7−6−11
7−6−13. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) Operations and
Reporting Illumination of Aircraft ...................................... 7−6−12
7−6−14. Flying in Flat Light, Brown Out Conditions, and White Out Conditions ......... 7−6−13
7−6−15. Operations in Ground Icing Conditions ................................... 7−6−15
7−6−16. Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of Exhaust Plumes (Smoke Stacks and Cooling Towers) 7 −6−16
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