Common Errors 9-12
Intentional Slips 9-12
Forward Slip to a Landing 9-15
Common Errors 9-15
Crosswind Approach and Landing 9-15
Crosswind Final Approach 9-15
Crosswind Round Out (Flare) 9-17
Crosswind Touchdown 9-17
Crosswind After-Landing Roll 9-18
Maximum Safe Crosswind Velocities 9-18
Common Errors 9-20
Turbulent Air Approach and Landing 9-20
Short-Field Approach and Landing 9-20
Common Errors 9-23
Soft-Field Approach and Landing 9-23
Common Errors 9-24
Power-Off Accuracy Approaches 9-24
90° Power-Off Approach 9-25
180° Power-Off Approach 9-26
Common Errors 9-27
Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated) 9-28
Faulty Approaches and Landings 9-30
Low Final Approach 9-30
High Final Approach 9-30
Slow Final Approach 9-31
Use of Power 9-31
High Round Out 9-31
Late or Rapid Round Out 9-31
Floating During Round Out 9-32
Ballooning During Round Out 9-32
Bouncing During Touchdown 9-33
Porpoising 9-34
Wheelbarrowing 9-35
Hard Landing 9-35
Touchdown in a Drift or Crab 9-35
Ground Loop 9-36
Wing Rising After Touchdown 9-37
Hydroplaning 9-37
Dynamic Hydroplaning 9-37
Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning 9-37
Viscous Hydroplaning 9-37
Chapter Summary 9-38
Chapter 10: Performance Maneuvers
Introduction 10-1
Steep Turns 10-1
Common Errors 10-3
Steep Spiral 10-3
Common Errors 10-4
Chandelle 10-4
Common Errors 10-6
Lazy Eight 10-6
Common Errors 10-7
Chapter Summary 10-8
Chapter 11: Night Operations
Introduction 11-1
Night Vision 11-1
Anatomy of the Eye 11-1
Types of Vision 11-2
The Night Blind Spot 11-3
Vision Under Dim and Bright Illumination 11-3
Factors Affecting Vision 11-3
Night Illusions 11-4
False Horizon 11-4
Autokinesis 11-4
Featureless Terrain Illusion 11-5
Ground Lighting Illusions 11-5
Pilot Equipment 11-5
Airplane Equipment and Lighting 11-5
Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids 11-6
Training for Night Flight 11-7
Preparation and Preflight 11-7
Starting, Taxiing, and Run-up 11-8
Takeoff and Climb 11-8
Orientation and Navigation 11-9
Approaches and Landings 11-10
How to Prevent Landing Errors Due to Optical Illusions 11-13
Night Emergencies 11-13
Chapter Summary 11-14
Chapter 12: Transition to Complex Airplanes
Introduction 12-1
Function of Flaps 12-1
Flap Effectiveness 12-3
Operational Procedures 12-4
Controllable-Pitch Propeller 12-5
Constant-Speed Propeller 12-5
Takeoff, Climb, and Cruise 12-6
Blade Angle Control 12-7
Governing Range 12-8
Constant-Speed Propeller Operation 12-8
Turbocharging 12-9
Ground Boosting Versus Altitude Turbocharging 12-10
Operating Characteristics 12-10
Heat Management 12-10
Turbocharger Failure 12-11
Over-Boost Condition 12-11
Low Manifold Pressure 12-11
Retractable Landing Gear 12-12
Landing Gear Systems 12-12
Controls and Position Indicators 12-12
Landing Gear Safety Devices 12-12
Emergency Gear Extension Systems 12-14
Operational Procedures 12-14
Takeoff and Climb 12-16
Approach and Landing 12-16
Transition Training 12-17
Chapter Summary 12-18
Chapter 13: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes
Introduction 13-1
General 13-1
Terms and Definitions 13-1
Operation of Systems 13-3
Feathering Propellers 13-3
Propeller Synchronization 13-7
Fuel Crossfeed 13-7
Combustion Heater 13-8
Flight Director/Autopilot 13-8
Yaw Damper 13-8
Alternator/Generator 13-9
Nose Baggage Compartment 13-9
Anti-Icing/Deicing Equipment 13-9
Performance and Limitations 13-10
Weight and Balance 13-12
Ground Operation 13-14
Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb 13-15
Short-Field Takeoff and Climb 13-17
Rejected Takeoff 13-17
Level Off and Cruise 13-17
Slow Flight 13-18
Spin Awareness and Stalls 13-18
Spin Awareness 13-18
Stall Training 13-18
Power-Off Approach to Stall (Approach and Landing) 13-19
Power-On Approach to Stall (Takeoff and Departure) 13-19
Full Stall 13-20
Accelerated Approach to Stall 13-20
Normal Approach and Landing 13-20
Crosswind Approach and Landing 13-21
Short-Field Approach and Landing 13-22
Go-Around 13-22
Engine Inoperative Flight Principles 13-23
Derivation of VMC 13-23
VMC Demo 13-26
VMC Demo Stall Avoidance 13-26
OEI Climb Performance 13-27
Low Altitude Engine Failure Scenarios 13-29
Landing Gear Down 13-30
Landing Gear Control Selected Up, Single-Engine Climb Performance Inadequate 13-30
Landing Gear Control Selected Up, Single-Engine Climb Performance Adequate 13-31
Control 13-31
Configuration 13-31
Climb 13-32
Checklist 13-32
Engine Failure During Flight 13-34
Engine Inoperative Approach and Landing 13-34
Multiengine Training Considerations 13-35
Chapter Summary 13-37
Chapter 14: Transition to Tailwheel Airplanes
Introduction 14-1
Landing Gear 14-1
Instability 14-1
Angle of Attack 14-2
Taxiing 14-2
Weathervaning 14-2
Visibility 14-3
Directional Control 14-3
Normal Takeoff Roll 14-3
Liftoff 14-3
Crosswind Takeoff 14-3
Short-Field Takeoff 14-4
Soft-Field Takeoff 14-4
Landing 14-4
Touchdown 14-4
Three-Point Landing 14-5
Wheel Landing 14-5
Crosswinds 14-6
After-Landing Roll 14-6
Crosswind After-Landing Roll 14-7
Short-Field Landing 14-8
Soft-Field Landing 14-8
Ground Loop 14-8
Chapter Summary 14-8
Chapter 15: Transition to Turbopropeller-Powered Airplanes
Introduction 15-1
Gas Turbine Engine 15-1
15-2 Turboprop Engines
Fixed-Shaft 15-2
Split-Shaft/Free Turbine Engine 15-5
Reverse Thrust and Beta Range Operations 15-8
Turboprop Airplane Electrical Systems 15-10
Operational Considerations 15-11
Training Considerations 15-13
Ground Training 15-14
Flight Training 15-15
Chapter Summary 15-15
Chapter 16: Transition to Jet-Powered Airplanes
Introduction 16-1
Ground Safety 16-1
Jet Engine Basics 16-1
Operating the Jet Engine 16-2
Setting Power 16-2
Thrust to Thrust Lever Relationship 16-2
Variation of Thrust with RPM 16-3
Slow Acceleration of the Jet Engine 16-3
Jet Engine Efficiency 16-4
Absence of Propeller Effects 16-4
Absence of Propeller Slipstream 16-4
Absence of Propeller Drag 16-4
Speed Margins 16-4
Mach Buffet 16-6
Low-Speed Flight 16-6
Stalls 16-7
Drag Devices 16-9
Thrust Reversers 16-10
Pilot Sensations in Jet Flying 16-11
Jet Airplane Takeoff and Climb 16-12
V-Speeds 16-12
Takeoff Roll 16-12
Rejected Takeoff 16-15
Rotation and Lift-Off 16-16
Initial Climb 16-16
Jet Airplane Descent and Approach 16-17
Descent Planning 16-17
Descent Energy Management 16-18
Jet Airplane Landing 16-19
Landing Speeds 16-20
Significant Differences 16-21
Stabilized Approach 16-21
Approach Speed 16-22
Glidepath Control 16-22
The Flare 16-23
16-24 Touchdown and Rollout
Jet Airplane Systems and Maintenance 16-24
Minimum Equipment List 16-25
Configuration Deviation List 16-25
Chapter Summary 16-25
Chapter 17: Transition to Light Sport Airplanes (LSA)
Introduction 17-1
Light Sport Airplane (LSA) Background 17-1
LSA Synopsis 17-3
Sport Pilot Certificate 17-3
Transition Training Considerations 17-4
Flight School 17-4
Flight Instructors 17-4
LSA Maintenance 17-5
Airframe and Systems 17-5
Construction 17-5
Engines 17-6
Instrumentation 17-7
Weather Considerations 17-7
Flight Environment 17-8
Preflight 17-9
Inside the Airplane 17-9
Outside the Airplane 17-11
Before Start and Starting Engine 17-12
Taxi 17-12
Takeoff and Climb 17-12
Cruise 17-13
Approach and Landing 17-14
Emergencies 17-14
Post-Flight 17-15
Key Points 17-15
Chapter Summary 17-15
Chapter 18: Emergency Procedures
Emergency Situations 18-1
Emergency Landings 18-1
Types of Emergency Landings 18-1
Psychological Hazards 18-1
Basic Safety Concepts 18-2
General 18-2
Attitude and Sink Rate Control 18-4
Terrain Selection 18-4
Airplane Configuration 18-4
Approach 18-4
Terrain Types 18-5
Confined Areas 18-5
Trees (Forest) 18-5