Chapter 4
Helicopter Components, Sections,
and Systems ........................................................4-1
Introduction ....................................................................4-1
Airframe .........................................................................4-1
Fuselage .........................................................................4-2
Main Rotor System ........................................................4-2
Semirigid Rotor System .............................................4-2
Rigid Rotor System ....................................................4-3
Fully Articulated Rotor System ..................................4-4
Tandem Rotor .............................................................4-6
Coaxial Rotors ............................................................4-6
Intermeshing Rotors ...................................................4-6
Swash Plate Assembly ...................................................4-6
Freewheeling Unit ..........................................................4-7
Antitorque System .........................................................4-7
Fenestron ....................................................................4-8
NOTAR® ....................................................................................................4-8
Antitorque Drive Systems ..............................................4-8
Engines ...........................................................................4-8
Reciprocating Engines ................................................4-8
Turbine Engines .........................................................4-8
Compressor ...........................................................4-10
Combustion Chamber ...........................................4-10
Turbine ..................................................................4-10
Accessory Gearbox ...............................................4-10
Transmission System ...................................................4-10
Main Rotor Transmission .........................................4-11
Dual Tachometers .................................................4-11
Structural Design ..................................................4-12
Clutch .......................................................................4-12
Belt Drive Clutch ..................................................4-12
Centrifugal Clutch ................................................4-13
Fuel Systems ................................................................4-13
Fuel Supply System ..................................................4-13
Engine Fuel Control System ....................................4-14
Carburetor Ice ...........................................................4-14
Fuel Injection ............................................................4-15
Electrical Systems ........................................................4-16
Hydraulics ....................................................................4-16
Stability Augmentations Systems ................................4-17
Force Trim ................................................................4-17
Active Augmentation Systems ................................4-17
Autopilot ...................................................................4-18
Environmental Systems ...............................................4-18
Anti-Icing Systems .......................................................4-19
Engine Anti-Ice ........................................................4-19
Airframe Anti-Ice .....................................................4-19
Deicing ....................................................................4-19
Chapter Summary ........................................................4-19
Chapter 5
Rotorcraft Flight Manual .....................................5-1
Introduction ....................................................................5-1
Preliminary Pages ..........................................................5-2
General Information (Section 1) ....................................5-2
Operating Limitations (Section 2) .................................5-2
Instrument Markings ..................................................5-2
Airspeed Limitations ..................................................5-2
Altitude Limitations ...................................................5-3
Rotor Limitations .......................................................5-3
Powerplant Limitations ..............................................5-3
Weight and Loading Distribution ...............................5-4
Flight Limitations .......................................................5-4
Placards ......................................................................5-4
Emergency Procedures (Section 3) ................................5-4
Normal Procedures (Section 4) ......................................5-5
Performance (Section 5) ................................................5-5
Weight and Balance (Section 6) ....................................5-5
Aircraft and Systems Description (Section 7) ...............5-5
Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance (Section 8) .......5-5
Supplements (Section 9) ................................................5-6
Safety and Operational Tips (Section 10) ......................5-6
Chapter Summary ..........................................................5-6
Chapter 6
Weight and Balance ............................................6-1
Introduction ....................................................................6-1
Weight ............................................................................6-2
Basic Empty Weight ...................................................6-2
Maximum Gross Weight ............................................6-2
Weight Limitations .....................................................6-2
Balance ...........................................................................6-2
Center of Gravity ........................................................6-2
CG Forward of Forward Limit ...................................6-3
CG Aft of Aft Limit ...................................................6-3
Lateral Balance ...........................................................6-3
Weight and Balance Calculations ..................................6-4
Reference Datum ........................................................6-4
Chapter Summary ..........................................................6-4
Chapter 7
Helicopter Performance ......................................7-1
Introduction ....................................................................7-1
Factors Affecting Performance ......................................7-2
Moisture (Humidity) ..................................................7-2
Weight ........................................................................7-2
Winds .........................................................................7-2
Performance Charts ........................................................7-2
Height/Velocity Diagram ...........................................7-2
The Effect of Weight Versus Density Altitude .......7-3
Autorotational Performance .......................................7-4