Tail Rotor V ortex Ring State
(210-330°) .......................................................11-13
LTE at Altitude...........................................11-13
Reducing the Onset of LTE .......................11-13
Recovery Technique...................................11-14
Main Drive Shaft Failure ................................11-14
Hydraulic Failures...........................................11-14
Governor Failure.............................................11-14
Abnormal Vibrations.......................................11-14
Low Frequency Vibrations.........................11-15
Medium and High Frequency
Vibrations ...................................................11-15
Tracking and Balance ................................11-15
Flight Diversion...................................................11-15
Lost Procedures ...................................................11-16
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ..........11-16
Chapter 12—Attitude Instrument Flying
Flight Instruments .................................................12-1
Pitot-Static Instruments ....................................12-1
Airspeed Indicator........................................12-1
Instrument Check.........................................12-1
Altimeter ......................................................12-2
Instrument Check.....................................12-2
Vertical Speed Indicator....................................12-2
Instrument Check.........................................12-2
System Errors...............................................12-2
Gyroscopic Instruments ....................................12-3
Attitude Indicator.........................................12-3
Heading Indicator ........................................12-3
Turn Indicators.............................................12-4
Instrument Check.........................................12-4
Magnetic Compass............................................12-4
Compass Errors............................................12-4
Magnetic Variation.......................................12-4
Compass Deviation..................................12-5
Magnetic Dip ...........................................12-5
Instrument Check.....................................12-5
Instrument Flight ...................................................12-5
Instrument Cross-Check ...................................12-5
Instrument Interpretation ..................................12-6
Aircraft Control ................................................12-7
Straight-and-Level Flight..................................12-7
Pitch Control................................................12-7
Attitude Indicator.....................................12-8
Altimeter ..................................................12-8
Vertical Speed Indicator ..........................12-8
Airspeed Indicator ...................................12-9
Bank Control................................................12-9
Attitude Indicator.....................................12-9
Heading Indicator ..................................12-10
Turn Indicator ........................................12-10
Common Errors During
Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-10
Power Control During
Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-11
Common Errors During
Airspeed Changes.......................................12-11
Straight Climbs (Constant Airspeed
and Constant Rate)..........................................12-11
Entry...........................................................12-12
Leveloff......................................................12-14
Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and
Constant Rate) ................................................12-14
Entry...........................................................12-14
Leveloff......................................................12-15
Common Errors During
Straight Climbs and Descents ....................12-15
Turns...............................................................12-15
Turns to a Predetermined Heading ............12-16
Timed Turns ...............................................12-16
Change of Airspeed in Turns.................12-16
30° Bank Turn............................................12-17
Climbing and Descending Turns ...............12-17
Compass Turns...........................................12-17
Common Errors During Turns...................12-18
Unusual Attitudes............................................12-18
Common Errors During Unusual
Attitude Recoveries....................................12-18
Emergencies ........................................................12-18
Autorotations ..................................................12-19
Common Errors During
Autorotations..............................................12-19
Servo Failure...................................................12-19
Instrument Takeoff ..............................................12-19
Common Errors During
Instrument Takeoffs ........................................12-20
Chapter 13—Night Operations
Night Flight Physiology ........................................13-1
Vision in Flight .................................................13-1
The Eye.............................................................13-1
Cones ................................................................13-1
Rods ..................................................................13-2
Night Vision......................................................13-2
Night Scanning .................................................13-2
Aircraft Lighting...............................................13-3
Visual Illusions .................................................13-3
Autokinesis ..................................................13-3
Night Myopia...............................................13-3
False Horizon...............................................13-3
Landing Illusions .........................................13-4
Night Flight ...........................................................13-4
Preflight ............................................................13-4
Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement ...........13-4
Taxi Technique..................................................13-4
Takeoff ..............................................................13-4
En route Procedures..........................................13-5
Collision Avoidance at Night............................13-5
Approach and Landing .....................................13-5
Chapter 14—Aeronautical Decision Making
Origins of ADM Training......................................14-2
The Decision-Making Process ..............................14-3
Defining the Problem........................................14-3
Choosing a Course of Action............................14-3
Implementing the Decision and
Evaluating the Outcome ...................................14-3
Risk Management..................................................14-4
Assessing Risk ..................................................14-4
Factors Affecting Decision Making ......................14-5
Pilot Self-Assessment .......................................14-5
Recognizing Hazardous Attitudes ....................14-5
Stress management ...........................................14-6
Use of Resources ..............................................14-6
Internal Resources........................................14-7
External Resources.......................................14-7
Workload Management.....................................14-7
Situational Awareness .......................................14-8
Obstacles to Maintaining
Situational Awareness ..................................14-8
Operational Pitfalls.......................................14-8
GYROPLANE
Chapter 15—Introduction to the Gyroplane
Types of Gyroplanes..............................................15-1
Components...........................................................15-2
Airframe............................................................15-2
Powerplant ........................................................15-2
Rotor System ....................................................15-2
Tail Surfaces .....................................................15-2
Landing Gear ....................................................15-3
Wings ................................................................15-3
Chapter 16—Aerodynamics of the Gyroplane
Autorotation...........................................................16-1
Vertical Autorotation.........................................16-1
Rotor Disc Regions...........................................16-2
Autorotation in Forward Flight ........................16-2
Reverse Flow................................................16-3
Retreating Blade Stall ..................................16-3
Rotor Force............................................................16-3
Rotor Lift ..........................................................16-4
Rotor Drag ........................................................16-4
Thrust.....................................................................16-4
Stability .................................................................16-5
Horizontal Stabilizer.........................................16-5
Fuselage Drag (Center of Pressure)..................16-5
Pitch Inertia.......................................................16-5
Propeller Thrust Line........................................16-5
Rotor Force .......................................................16-6
Trimmed Condition...........................................16-6
Chapter 17—Gyroplane Flight Controls
Cyclic Control .......................................................17-1
Throttle ..................................................................17-1
Rudder ...................................................................17-2
Horizontal Tail Surfaces........................................17-2
Collective Control .................................................17-2
Chapter 18—Gyroplane Systems
Propulsion Systems ...............................................18-1
Rotor Systems .......................................................18-1
Semirigid Rotor System....................................18-1
Fully Articulated Rotor System ........................18-1
Prerotator ...............................................................18-2
Mechanical Prerotator.......................................18-2
Hydraulic Prerotator .........................................18-2
Electric Prerotator.............................................18-3
Tip Jets..............................................................18-3
Instrumentation......................................................18-3
Engine Instruments ...........................................18-3
Rotor Tachometer .............................................18-3
Slip/Skid Indicator ............................................18-4
Airspeed Indicator ............................................18-4
Altimeter ...........................................................18-4
IFR Flight Instrumentation ...............................18-4
Ground Handling...................................................18-4
Chapter 19—Rotorcraft Flight Manual
(Gyroplane)
Using the Flight Manual........................................19-1
Weight and Balance Section .............................19-1
Sample Problem ...........................................19-1
Performance Section.........................................19-2
Sample Problem ...........................................19-2
Height/Velocity Diagram .............................19-3
Emergency Section ...........................................19-3
Hang Test...............................................................19-4
Chapter 20—Flight Operations
Preflight .................................................................20-1
Cockpit Management........................................20-1
Engine Starting......................................................20-1
Taxiing...................................................................20-1
Blade Flap.........................................................20-1
Before Takeoff.......................................................20-2
Prerotation.........................................................20-2
Takeoff...................................................................20-3
Normal Takeoff.................................................20-3
Crosswind Takeoff ............................................20-4
Common Errors for Normal and
Crosswind Takeoffs ..........................................20-4
Short-Field Takeoff...........................................20-4
Common Errors............................................20-4
High-Altitude Takeoff ..................................20-4
Soft-Field Takeoff.............................................20-5
Common Errors............................................20-5
Jump Takeoff................................................20-5
Basic Flight Maneuvers.........................................20-6
Straight-and-Level Flight..................................20-6
Climbs...............................................................20-6
Descents ............................................................20-7
Turns .................................................................20-7
Slips..............................................................20-7
Skids .............................................................20-7
Common Errors During Basic
Flight Maneuvers ..............................................20-8
Steep Turns .......................................................20-8
Common Errors............................................20-8
Ground Reference Maneuvers...............................20-8
Rectangular Course...........................................20-8
S-Turns............................................................20-10
Turns Around a Point......................................20-11
Common Errors During
Ground Reference Maneuvers ........................20-11
Flight at Slow Airspeeds .....................................20-12
Common Errors ..............................................20-12
High Rate of Descent ..........................................20-12
Common Errors ..............................................20-13
Landings ..............................................................20-13
Normal Landing..............................................20-13
Short-Field Landing........................................20-13
Soft-Field Landing..........................................20-14
Crosswind Landing.........................................20-14
High-Altitude Landing....................................20-14
Common Errors During Landing....................20-15
Go-Around...........................................................20-15
Common Errors ..............................................20-15
After Landing and Securing................................20-15
Chapter 21—Gyroplane Emergencies
Aborted Takeoff.....................................................21-1
Accelerate/Stop Distance..................................21-1
Lift-off at Low Airspeed and