TRANSLATIONAL LIFT —The
additional lift obtained when entering
forward flight, due to the increased
efficiency of the rotor system.
TRANSVERSE-FLOW
EFFECT—A condition of increased
drag and decreased lift in the aft por-
tion of the rotor disc caused by the air
having a greater induced velocity and
angle in the aft portion of the disc.
TRUE ALTITUDE —The actual
height of an object above mean sea
level.
TURBOSHAFT ENGINE —A tur-
bine engine transmitting power
through a shaft as would be found in a
turbine helicopter.
TWIST GRIP —The power control
on the end of the collective control.
UNDERSLUNG—A rotor hub that
rotates below the top of the mast, as
on semirigid rotor systems.
UNLOADED ROTOR—The state of
a rotor when rotor force has been
removed, or when the rotor is operating
under a low or negative G condition.
USEFUL LOAD —The difference
between the gross weight and the
basic empty weight. It includes the
flight crew, usable fuel, drainable oil,
if applicable, and payload.
V ARIATION—The angular differ-
ence between true north and magnetic
north; indicated on charts by isogonic
lines.
VERTICAL VIBRATION—A vibra-
tion in which the movement is up and
down, or vertical, as in an out-of-track
condition.
VORTEX RING STATE —A tran-
sient condition of downward flight
(descending through air after just pre-
viously being accelerated downward
by the rotor) during which an appre-
ciable portion of the main rotor sys-
tem is being forced to operate at
angles of attack above maximum.
Blade stall starts near the hub and pro-
gresses outward as the rate of descent
increases.
WEIGHT—One of the four main
forces acting on a rotorcraft.
Equivalent to the actual weight of the
rotorcraft. It acts downward toward
the center of the earth.
YAW—The movement of a rotorcraft
about its vertical axis.
ABORTED TAKEOFF, GYROPLANE 21-1
ACCELERATE/STOP DISTANCE 21-1
AERODYNAMICS 2-1, 3-1, 16-1
autorotation, 3-8
forward flight, 3-5
general, 2-1
gyroplane, 16-1
helicopter, 3-1
hovering flight, 3-1
rearward flight, 3-8
sideward flight, 3-8
turning flight, 3-8
vertical flight, 3-4, 16-1
AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING (ADM) 14-1, 22-1
decision-making process, 14-3
definitions, 14-2
error chain, 14-1
factors affecting decision making, 14-5
hazardous attitudes, 14-6, 22-1
operational pitfalls, 14-8
origin, 14-2
pilot error, 14-1
risk management, 14-4
situational awareness, 14-8
stress management, 14-6
use of resources, 14-6
workload management, 14-7
AGONIC LINE 12-5
AIRCRAFT LIGHTING 13-3
AIRFOIL 2-1
angle of attack, 2-2
camber, 2-2
center of pressure, 2-1
chord line, 2-2
leading edge, 2-2
pitch angle, 2-2
relative wind, 2-2
resultant relative wind, 3-6
rotational relative wind, 3-6
span, 2-1
trailing edge, 2-2
twist, 2-1
AIRSPEED INDICATOR 12-1, 18-4
AIR TAXI 9-9
AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVE 6-4
ALTIMETER 12-2, 18-4
ANGLE OF ATTACK 2-2
ANTI-ICING SYSTEMS 5-11
ANTITORQUE PEDALS 4-3
ANTITORQUE SYSTEM FAILURE 11-11
ANTITORQUE SYSTEMS 1-2
tail rotor, 1-2
fenestron, 1-2
NOTAR® , 1-2
APPROACHES
confined area, 10-7
crosswind, 9-20
night, 13-5
normal to a hover, 9-19
normal to the surface, 9-20
pinnacle, 10-8
shallow approach, 10-5
steep, 10-4
ARM 7-4
ASYMMETRICAL AIRFOIL 2-1
ATTITUDE INDICATOR 12-3
ATTITUDE INSTRUMENT FLYING 12-1
AUTOKINESIS 13-3
AUTOPILOT 5-10
AUTOROTATION 11-1
aerodynamics, 3-8, 16-1
during instrument flight, 12-19
from a hover, 11-4
power recovery, 11-3
straight-in, 11-2
with turn, 11-3
AXIS OF ROTATION 2-2
BASIC EMPTY WEIGHT 7-1
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE 2-3
BLADE
coning, 3-2
driven region, 3-9, 16-2
driving region, 3-9, 16-2
feather, 1-1
flap, 1-1, 16-6, 20-1
lead/lag, 1-1
reverse flow, 16-3
stall, 11-10
stall region, 3-9, 16-2
BLOWBACK 3-8
BUNTOVER 21-3
CARBURETOR 5-7
heat, 5-8
ice, 5-7
CENTER OF GRA VITY 7-2
aft CG, 7-2
forward CG, 7-2
lateral, 7-3, 7-7
CENTER OF PRESSURE 2-1, 16-5
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 3-2, 3-8
CENTRIPETAL FORCE 3-8
CLUTCH
belt drive, 5-4
centrifugal, 5-4
freewheeling unit, 5-4
sprag, 5-4
COANDA EFFECT 1-3
COCKPIT MANAGEMENT 20-1
COLLECTIVE CONTROL, GYROPLANE 17-2
COLLECTIVE PITCH CONTROL 4-1
INDEX
COLLECTIVE PITCH/THROTTLE COORDINATION 4-2
COMPASS CORRECTION CARD 12-5
COMPASS DEVIATION 12-5
COMPASS ERRORS 12-4
COMPASS TURNS 12-17
CONFINED AREA OPERATIONS
approach, 10-7
takeoff, 10-8
CONING 3-2
CONING ANGLE 18-1
CORIOLIS EFFECT 3-2
CORRELATOR/GOVERNOR 4-2
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 14-2
CYCLIC CONTROL, GYROPLANE 17-1
CYCLIC PITCH CONTROL 4-2
DATUM 7-3
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 14-3
DENSITY ALTITUDE 8-1, 20-5
DIRECT CONTROL 15-2
DISC LOADING 2-4
DISSYMMETRY OF LIFT 3-6, 16-3, 20-1
DIVERSION 11-15
DRAG 2-5
form, 2-5
induced, 2-5
parasite, 2-6
profile, 2-5
rotor, 16-4
skin friction, 2-5
total, 2-6
DUAL ROTOR SYSTEM 1-1
DYNAMIC ROLLOVER 11-7
EFFECTIVE TRANSLATIONAL LIFT 3-5
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 5-8
EMERGENCIES
aborted takeoff, 21-1
approach and landing, 21-3
autorotation, 11-1
buntover, 21-3
dynamic rollover, 11-7
ground resonance, 11-7, 21-3
instrument flight, 12-18
lift-off at low airspeeds and high angles of attack, 21-1
lost procedures, 11-16
low G conditions, 11-10
low rotor r.p.m. and blade stall, 11-10
mast bumping, 11-10
pilot-induced oscillation, 21-2
power pushover, 21-3
retreating blade stall, 11-6
settling with power, 11-5
systems malfunction, 11-11
vortex ring state, 11-5
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIV AL GEAR 11-16, 21-4
ENGINE
reciprocating, 5-1, 18-1
turbine, 5-1
ENGINE INSTRUMENTS 18-3
ENGINE STARTING PROCEDURE 9-2, 20-1
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 5-10
EYE 13-1
cones, 13-1
rods, 13-2
FALSE HORIZON 13-3
FENESTRON TAIL ROTOR 1-2
FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS 20-12
FLIGHT CONTROLS 1-3, 4-1
antitorque pedals, 4-3
collective pitch, 4-1, 17-2
cyclic pitch, 4-2, 17-1
rudder, 17-2
swash plate assembly, 5-5
throttle, 4-1, 17-1
FLIGHT DIVERSION 11-15
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS 12-1
airspeed indicator, 12-1, 18-4
altimeter, 12-2, 18-4
attitude indicator, 12-3
heading indicator, 12-3
magnetic compass, 12-4
turn-indicators, 12-4
vertical speed indicator, 12-2
FLIGHT MANUAL (See rotorcraft flight manual)
FORCES IN A TURN 3-8
FOUR FORCES
drag, 2-5, 16-4
lift, 2-3, 16-4
thrust, 2-5, 16-4
weight, 2-4
FREEWHEELING UNIT 5-4
FUEL INJECTION 5-8
FUEL SYSTEMS 5-6
FULLY ARTICULATED ROTOR 1-1, 5-4, 18-1
GO-AROUND 9-20, 20-15
GOVERNOR 4-2
failure, 11-14
GROSS WEIGHT 7-1
GROUND EFFECT 3-3
GROUND HANDLING 18-4
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS 9-14, 20-8
rectangular course, 9-14, 20-8
s-turns, 9-16, 20-10
turns around a point, 9-17, 20-11
GROUND RESONANCE 11-7, 21-3
GYROPLANE
components, 15-2
instruments, 18-3
stability, 16-5
types, 15-1
GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS 12-3
attitude indicator, 12-3
heading indicator, 12-3
turn indicators, 12-4
GYROSCOPIC PRECESSION 3-4
HANG TEST 19-4
HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES 14-5
anti-authority, 14-6, 22-3
impulsivity, 14-6, 22-1
invulnerability, 14-6, 22-1
macho, 14-6, 22-2
resignation, 14-6, 22-2
HEADING INDICATOR 12-3
HEIGHT/VELOCITY DIAGRAM 11-4, 19-3
HELICOPTER SYSTEMS 5-1
anti-icing, 5-11
autopilot, 5-10
carburetor, 5-7
clutch, 5-4
electrical, 5-8
engine, 5-1
environmental, 5-10
flight control, 4-1
fuel, 5-6
hydraulics, 5-9
main rotor, 5-4
pitot-static, 12-1
stability augmentation system, 5-10
swash plate assembly, 5-5
tail rotor drive, 5-3
transmission, 5-3
HIGH RATE OF DESCENT 20-12
HINGES 5-5
HOVERING
aerodynamics, 3-1
flight, 9-5
HOVERING OPERATIONS
autorotation, 11-4
forward flight, 9-7
rearward flight, 9-8
sideward flight, 9-7
turn, 9-6
vertical takeoff, 9-5
HOVER TAXI 9-9
HUMAN FACTORS 14-1
HYDRAULIC FAILURE 11-14
INDUCED DRAG 2-5
INDUCED FLOW 3-6
INSTRUMENT CROSS-CHECK 12-5
INSTRUMENT FLIGHT 12-5
aircraft control, 12-7
bank control, 12-9
emergencies, 12-18
straight-and-level flight, 12-7
straight climbs, 12-11
straight descents, 12-14
takeoff, 12-19
turns, 12-15
unusual attitudes, 12-18
INSTRUMENT INTERPRETATION 12-6
INSTRUMENT TURNS 12-15
30° bank turn, 12-17
climbing and descending turns, 12-17
compass turns, 12-17
timed turns, 12-16
turns to a predetermined heading, 12-16
ISOGONIC LINES 12-5
LANDING
crosswind, 9-11, 20-14
high-altitude, 20-14
illusions, 13-4
night, 13-5
normal, 20-13
running/roll-on, 10-5
short-field, 20-13
slope, 10-6
soft-field, 20-14
LANDING GEAR 1-2, 15-3, 18-4
LAW OF CONSERV ATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM 3-2
L/DMAX 2-6
LIFT 2-3, 16-4
Bernoulli’s Principle, 2-3
magnus effect, 2-3
Newton’s Third Law of Motion, 2-4
LIFT-OFF AT LOW AIRSPEED AND HIGH ANGLE OF
ATTACK 21-1
LIFT-TO-DRAG RATIO 2-6
LOAD FACTOR 2-4
LOSS OF TAIL ROTOR EFFECTIVENESS 11-12
LOST PROCEDURES 11-16
LOW G CONDITIONS 11-10
LOW ROTOR RPM 11-10
LTE (See loss of tail rotor effectiveness)
MAGNETIC COMPASS 12-4
acceleration/deceleration error, 12-5
compass correction card, 12-5
magnetic deviation, 12-5
magnetic dip, 12-5
turning error, 12-5
variation, 12-4
MAGNUS EFFECT 2-3
MAIN ROTOR SYSTEM 1-1, 5-4
combination, 5-5
fully articulated, 1-1, 5-4
rigid, 1-2, 5-5
semirigid, 1-2, 5-5
MANEUVERS 9-1, 10-1, 20-1
after landing and securing, 9-20, 20-15
approaches, 9-19
climb, 9-13, 20-6
confined area operations, 10-7
crosswind landing, 9-20, 20-14
crosswind takeoff, 9-11, 20-4
descent, 9-14, 20-6
engine start, 9-2, 20-1
flight at slow airspeeds, 20-12
go-around, 9-20, 20-15
ground reference maneuvers, 9-14, 20-8
high-altitude landing, 20-14
high-altitude takeoff, 20-4
high rate of descent, 20-12
hovering, 9-5
jump takeoff, 20-5
maximum performance takeoff, 10-2
normal landing, 20-13
normal takeoff, 20-3
pinnacle operations, 10-8
preflight, 9-1, 20-1
prerotation, 20-2
quick stop, 10-3
rapid deceleration, 10-3
ridgeline operations, 10-8
rotor engagement, 9-2
running/rolling landing, 10-5
running/rolling takeoff, 10-2
shallow approach, 10-5
short-field landing, 20-13
short-field takeoff, 20-4
slope operations, 10-6
soft-field landing, 20-14
soft-field takeoff, 20-5
steep approach, 10-4
straight-and-level flight, 9-12, 20-6
takeoff from a hover, 9-10
takeoff from the surface, 9-11
taxiing, 9-8, 20-1
traffic patterns, 9-18
turns, 9-12, 20-7
vertical takeoff, 9-5
MAST BUMPING 11-10
MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT 7-1
MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF 10-2
MEL (See minimum equipment list)
MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST 9-1
MOMENT 7-4
NEVER EXCEED SPEED (VNE) 3-7, 6-2
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION 2-4
NIGHT APPROACH 13-5
NIGHT FLIGHT 13-4
approach, 13-5
collision avoidance, 13-5
engine starting and rotor engagement, 13-4
en route procedures, 13-5
landing, 13-5
preflight, 13-4
takeoff, 13-4
taxi technique, 13-4
NIGHT MYOPIA 13-3
NIGHT OPERATIONS 13-1
NIGHT PHYSIOLOGY 13-1
NIGHT SCANNING 13-2
NIGHT VISION 13-2
NOISE ABATEMENT PROCEDURES 9-20
NO TAIL ROTOR 1-2
OPERATIONAL PITFALLS 14-8
PARASITE DRAG 2-6
PAYLOAD 1-1, 7-1
PENDULAR ACTION 3-2, 16-5
PERFORMANCE CHARTS 8-3, 19-2
climb, 8-5
hovering, 8-3
takeoff, 8-5
PERFORMANCE FACTORS 8-1
altitude, 8-2
atmospheric pressure, 8-1
density altitude, 8-1
humidity, 8-2
temperature, 8-2
weight, 8-2
winds, 8-2
PILOT ERROR 14-1
PILOT-INDUCED OSCILLATION (PIO) 21-2
PINNACLE OPERATIONS
approach, 10-8
landing, 10-8
takeoff, 10-9
PITCH, AIRCRAFT 2-2
PITCH HORN 5-4
PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENTS 12-1
airspeed indicator, 12-1, 18-4
altimeter, 12-2, 18-4
errors, 12-2
vertical speed indicator (VSI), 12-2
PLACARDS 6-3
POH (See rotorcraft flight manual)
POWERPLANT 1-3, 15-2
POWER PUSHOVER 21-3
PREFLIGHT INSPECTION 9-1, 20-1
night, 13-4
PREROTATE 15-2, 18-2, 20-2
PREROTATOR 18-2
electrical, 18-3
hydraulic, 18-2
mechanical, 18-2
tip jets, 18-3
PRESSURE ALTITUDE, 8-1
PROFILE DRAG 2-5
PROPELLER THRUST LINE 16-5
QUICK STOP 10-3
RAPID DECELERATION 10-3
RECIPROCATING ENGINE 5-1
RECONNAISSANCE PROCEDURES
ground, 10-1
high, 10-1
low, 10-1
RECTANGULAR COURSE 9-14, 20-8
REFERENCE DATUM 7-3
RELATIVE WIND 2-2
RESULTANT RELATIVE WIND 3-6
RETREATING BLADE STALL 11-6, 16-3
REVERSE FLOW 16-3
RIGID ROTOR 1-2, 5-5
RISK ELEMENTS 14-4
RISK MANAGEMENT 14-4
ROLL, AIRCRAFT 2-2
ROTATIONAL RELATIVE WIND 3-6
ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL 6-1, 19-1
aircraft systems and description, 6-4
emergency procedures, 6-3, 19-3
general information, 6-1
gyroplane, 19-1
handling, servicing, and maintenance, 6-4
helicopter, 6-1
normal procedures, 6-3
operating limitations, 6-1
performance, 6-3, 19-2
safety and operational tips, 6-4
supplements, 6-4
weight and balance, 6-4, 19-1
ROTOR DRAG 16-4
ROTOR ENGAGEMENT 9-2
ROTOR FORCE 16-3
ROTOR LIFT 16-4
ROTOR SAFETY 9-2
ROTOR SYSTEMS 5-4, 18-1
combination, 5-5
fully articulated, 1-2, 5-4, 18-1
semirigid, 1-2, 5-5, 18-1
rigid, 1-2, 5-5
RUDDER 17-2
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 9-2
SEMIRIGID ROTOR SYSTEM 1-2, 5-5, 18-1
SETTLING WITH POWER 11-5
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS 14-8
SKID 9-13, 20-7
SKIN FRICTION DRAG 2-5
SLIP 9-13, 20-7
SLIP/SKID INDICATOR 12-4, 18-4
SLOPE OPERATIONS
landing, 10-6
takeoff, 10-6
STABILITY AUGMENTATION SYSTEM (SAS) 5-10
STABILITY , GYROPLANE 16-5
center of pressure, 16-5
fuselage drag, 16-5
horizontal stabilizer, 16-5
pitch inertia, 16-5
propeller thrust line, 16-5
rotor force, 16-6
trimmed condition, 16-6
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 8-1
STANDARD-RATE TURN 12-4
STARTING PROCEDURE 9-2
STATIC STOPS 5-5
STEADY-STATE FLIGHT 2-4
STEEP TURNS 20-8
STRESS MANAGEMENT 14-6
S-TURNS 9-16, 20-10
SWASH PLATE ASSEMBLY 5-5
SYMMETRICAL AIRFOIL 2-1
SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONS 11-11
antitorque, 11-11
governor, 11-14
hydraulic, 11-14
main drive shaft, 11-14
TACHOMETER 5-3, 18-3
TAIL ROTOR 1-2, 5-3
TAIL ROTOR FAILURE 11-11
TAIL SURFACES 15-2
TAKEOFF
confined area, 10-8
crosswind, 9-11, 20-4
from a hover, 9-10
from the surface, 9-11
high altitude, 20-4
jump, 20-5
maximum performance, 10-2
night, 13-4
normal, 20-3
pinnacle, 10-9
running/rolling, 10-2
short-field, 20-4
slope, 10-6
soft-field, 20-5
to a hover, 9-5
TAXIING 9-8, 20-1
air, 9-9
hover, 9-9
night, 13-4
surface, 9-9
TEETER BOLT 18-1
TEETERING HINGE 5-5
THROTTLE 4-1, 17-1
THRUST 2-5, 16-4
TIP JETS 18-3
TIP-PATH PLANE 2-2, 9-5
TIP SPEED 3-7, 16-1
TORQUE 1-1, 3-1
TOTAL DRAG 2-6
TOWER BLOCK 18-1
TOWER PLATE 18-1
TRAFFIC PATTERNS 9-18
TRANSLATING TENDENCY 3-1
TRANSLATIONAL LIFT 3-5
TRANSMISSION 5-3
TRANSVERSE FLOW EFFECT 3-6
TRUE ALTITUDE 8-1
TURBINE ENGINE 5-1
TURN COORDINATOR 12-4
TURN-AND-SLIP INDICATOR 12-4
TURNS 9-12, 12-15, 20-7
aerodynamics, 3-8
TURNS AROUND A POINT 9-17, 20-11
UNANTICIPATED YAW 11-12
UNDERSLING ROTOR 3-3, 18-1
UNLOADED ROTOR 21-3
UNUSUAL ATTITUDES 12-18
USEFUL LOAD 7-1
VENTURI EFFECT 2-3
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR (VSI) 12-2
VIBRATIONS 11-14
low frequency, 11-15
medium and high frequency, 11-15
VISION IN FLIGHT 13-1
night, 13-2
VISUAL ILLUSIONS 13-3
autokinesis, 13-3
false horizon, 13-3
landing, 13-4
night myopia, 13-3
VNE (See never exceed speed)
VORTEX RING STATE 11-5
VSI 12-2
VX 20-3
VY 20-3
WEIGHT 2-4, 7-1
limitations, 7-1
WEIGHT AND BALANCE 7-1, 19-1
definitions, 7-1, 7-3, 7-4
WEIGHT AND BALANCE METHODS 7-4
combination method, 7-6
computational method, 7-4
loading-chart method, 7-5
WINGS 15-3
WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT 14-7
YAW, AIRCRAFT 2-5
WU