Chapter 4—Helicopter Flight Controls
Collective Pitch Control..........................................4-1
Throttle Control.......................................................4-1
Collective Pitch / Throttle Coordination.................4-2
Correlator / Governor..............................................4-2
Cyclic Pitch Control................................................4-2
Antitorque Pedals ....................................................4-3
Heading Control..................................................4-3
Chapter 5—Helicopter Systems
Engines ....................................................................5-1
Reciprocating Engine..........................................5-1
Turbine Engine....................................................5-1
Compressor.....................................................5-2
Combustion Chamber.....................................5-2
Turbine ...........................................................5-2
Transmission System...............................................5-3
Main Rotor Transmission ...................................5-3
Tail Rotor Drive System .....................................5-3
Clutch..................................................................5-4
Centrifugal Clutch..........................................5-4
Belt Drive Clutch ...........................................5-4
Freewheeling Unit..........................................5-4
Main Rotor System .................................................5-4
Fully Articulated Rotor System ..........................5-4
Semirigid Rotor System......................................5-5
Rigid Rotor System ............................................5-5
Combination Rotor Systems...............................5-5
Swash Plate Assembly ........................................5-5
Fuel Systems ...........................................................5-6
Fuel Supply System ............................................5-6
Engine Fuel Control System...............................5-6
Reciprocating Engines ...................................5-7
Carburetor ..................................................5-7
Carburetor Ice ............................................5-7
Fuel Injection.............................................5-8
Turbine Engines .............................................5-8
Electrical Systems ...................................................5-8
Hydraulics ...............................................................5-9
Stability Augmentations Systems..........................5-10
Autopilot................................................................5-10
Environmental Systems.........................................5-10
Anti-Icing Systems ................................................5-11
Chapter 6—Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Helicopter)
Preliminary Pages....................................................6-1
General Information ................................................6-1
Operating Limitations .............................................6-1
Airspeed Limitation ............................................6-1
Altitude Limitations............................................6-2
Rotor Limitations................................................6-2
HELICOPTER
Chapter 1—Introduction to the Helicopter
The Main Rotor System ..........................................1-1
Fully Articulated Rotor System ..........................1-1
Semirigid Rotor System......................................1-2
Rigid Rotor System ............................................1-2
Antitorque Systems .................................................1-2
Tail Rotor ............................................................1-2
Fenestron.............................................................1-2
NOTAR®............................................................1-2
Landing Gear...........................................................1-2
Powerplant...............................................................1-3
Flight Controls.........................................................1-3
Chapter 2—General Aerodynamics
Airfoil ......................................................................2-1
Relative Wind .....................................................2-2
Blade Pitch Angle ...............................................2-2
Angle of Attack...................................................2-2
Lift ...........................................................................2-3
Magnus Effect.....................................................2-3
Bernoulli’s Principle ...........................................2-3
Newton’s Third Law of Motion..........................2-4
Weight......................................................................2-4
Thrust.......................................................................2-5
Drag .........................................................................2-5
Profile Drag ........................................................2-5
Induced Drag ......................................................2-5
Parasite Drag.......................................................2-6
Total Drag ...........................................................2-6
Chapter 3—Aerodynamics of Flight
Powered Flight ........................................................3-1
Hovering Flight .......................................................3-1
Translating Tendency or Drift.............................3-1
Pendular Action ..................................................3-2
Coning.................................................................3-2
Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of
Angular Momentum) ..........................................3-2
Ground Effect .....................................................3-3
Gyroscopic Precession........................................3-4
Vertical Flight..........................................................3-4
Forward Flight.........................................................3-5
Translational Lift ................................................3-5
Induced Flow ......................................................3-6
Transverse Flow Effect.......................................3-6
Dissymmetry of Lift ...........................................3-6