Powerplant Limitations.......................................6-2
Weight and Loading Distribution .......................6-2
Flight Limitations ...............................................6-3
Placards...............................................................6-3
Emergency Procedures ............................................6-3
Normal Procedures..................................................6-3
Performance.............................................................6-3
Weight and Balance.................................................6-4
Aircraft and Systems Description ...........................6-4
Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance ...................6-4
Supplements ............................................................6-4
Safety and Operational Tips....................................6-4
Chapter 7—Weight and Balance
Weight......................................................................7-1
Basic Empty Weight ...........................................7-1
Useful Load ........................................................7-1
Payload................................................................7-1
Gross Weight.......................................................7-1
Maximum Gross Weight.....................................7-1
Weight Limitations .............................................7-1
Determining Empty Weight ................................7-1
Balance ....................................................................7-2
Center of Gravity ................................................7-2
CG Forward of Forward Limit.......................7-2
CG Aft of Aft Limit .......................................7-2
Lateral Balance ...................................................7-3
Weight and Balance Calculations............................7-3
Reference Datum ................................................7-3
Arm .....................................................................7-4
Moment...............................................................7-4
Center of Gravity Computation ..........................7-4
Weight and Balance Methods..................................7-4
Computational Method .......................................7-4
Loading Chart Method........................................7-5
Sample Problem 1 ..........................................7-5
Sample Problem 2 ..........................................7-5
Sample Problem 3 ..........................................7-6
Combination Method ..........................................7-6
Calculating Lateral CG.......................................7-7
Chapter 8—Performance
Factors Affecting Performance................................8-1
Density Altitude ..................................................8-1
Atmospheric Pressure .........................................8-1
Altitude ...............................................................8-2
Temperature ........................................................8-2
Moisture (Humidity)...........................................8-2
High and Low Density Altitude Conditions.......8-2
Weight .................................................................8-2
Winds ..................................................................8-2
Performance Charts .................................................8-3
Hovering Performance........................................8-3
Sample Problem 1 ..........................................8-4
Sample Problem 2 ..........................................8-4
Takeoff Performance...........................................8-5
Sample Problem 3 ..........................................8-5
Climb Performance.............................................8-5
Sample Problem 4 ..........................................8-6
Chapter 9—Basic Flight Maneuvers
Preflight ...................................................................9-1
Minimum Equipment Lists (MELS) and
Operations With Inoperative Equipment ............9-1
Engine Start and Rotor Engagement.......................9-2
Rotor Safety Considerations...............................9-2
Safety In and Around Helicopters ......................9-3
Ramp Attendants and Aircraft
Servicing Personnel........................................9-3
Aircraft Servicing...........................................9-3
External-Load Riggers ...................................9-3
Pilot at the Flight Controls.............................9-3
External-Load Hookup Personnel..................9-3
Passengers ......................................................9-4
Vertical Takeoff to a Hover .....................................9-5
Technique............................................................9-5
Common Errors ..................................................9-5
Hovering..................................................................9-5
Technique............................................................9-5
Common Errors ..................................................9-5
Hovering Turn .........................................................9-6
Technique............................................................9-6
Common Errors ..................................................9-7
Hovering—Forward Flight......................................9-7
Technique............................................................9-7
Common Errors ..................................................9-7
Hovering—Sideward Flight ....................................9-7
Technique............................................................9-7
Common Errors ..................................................9-8
Hovering—Rearward Flight....................................9-8
Technique............................................................9-8
Common Errors ..................................................9-8
Taxiing.....................................................................9-8
Hover Taxi ..........................................................9-9
Air Taxi ...............................................................9-9
Technique .......................................................9-9
Common Errors..............................................9-9
Surface Taxi ........................................................9-9
Technique .......................................................9-9
Common Errors............................................9-10
Normal Takeoff From a Hover..............................9-10
Technique..........................................................9-10
Common Errors ................................................9-10
Normal Takeoff From the Surface.........................9-11
Technique ..........................................................9-11
Common Errors.................................................9-11
Crosswind Considerations
During Takeoffs ................................................9-11
Straight-and-Level Flight ......................................9-12
Technique..........................................................9-12
Common Errors ................................................9-12
Turns......................................................................9-12
Technique..........................................................9-12
Slips ..................................................................9-13
Skids..................................................................9-13
Common Errors ................................................9-13
Normal Climb........................................................9-13
Technique..........................................................9-13
Common Errors ................................................9-14
Normal Descent.....................................................9-14
Technique..........................................................9-14
Common Errors ................................................9-14
Ground Reference Maneuvers...............................9-14
Rectangular Course...........................................9-14
S-Turns..............................................................9-16
Turns Around a Point........................................9-17
Common Errors During Ground
Reference Maneuvers .......................................9-18
Traffic Patterns ......................................................9-18
Approaches............................................................9-19
Normal Approach to a Hover ...........................9-19
Technique .....................................................9-19
Common Errors............................................9-19
Normal Approach to the Surface ......................9-20
Technique .....................................................9-20
Common Errors............................................9-20
Crosswind During Approaches.........................9-20
Go-Around.............................................................9-20
After Landing and Securing..................................9-20
Noise Abatement Procedures ................................9-20
Chapter 10—Advanced Maneuvers
Reconnaissance Procedures...................................10-1
High Reconnaissance........................................10-1
Low Reconnaissance ........................................10-1
Ground Reconnaissance....................................10-1
Maximum Performance Takeoff ...........................10-2
Technique..........................................................10-2
Common Errors ................................................10-2
Running/Rolling Takeoff.......................................10-2
Technique..........................................................10-3
Common Errors ................................................10-3
Rapid Deceleration (Quick Stop)..........................10-3
Technique..........................................................10-3
Common Errors ................................................10-4
Steep Approach to a Hover ...................................10-4
Technique..........................................................10-4
Common Errors ................................................10-5
Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On
Landing..................................................................10-5
Technique..........................................................10-5
Common Errors ................................................10-5
Slope Operations ...................................................10-6
Slope Landing...................................................10-6
Technique.....................................................10-6
Common Errors............................................10-6
Slope Takeoff ....................................................10-6
Technique.....................................................10-7
Common Errors............................................10-7
Confined Area Operations.....................................10-7
Approach...........................................................10-7
Takeoff ..............................................................10-8
Common Errors ................................................10-8
Pinnacle and Ridgeline Operations .......................10-8
Approach and Landing .....................................10-8
Takeoff ..............................................................10-9
Common Errors ................................................10-9
Chapter 11—Helicopter Emergencies
Autorotation...........................................................11-1
Straight-in Autorotation ....................................11-2
Technique .....................................................11-2
Common Errors............................................11-3
Power Recovery From Practice
Autorotation ......................................................11-3
Technique .....................................................11-3
Common Errors............................................11-3
Autorotation With Turns ...................................11-3
Technique .....................................................11-3
Power Failure in a Hover..................................11-4
Technique .....................................................11-4
Common Errors............................................11-4
Height/Velocity Diagram.......................................11-4
The Effect of Weight Versus
Density Altitude ................................................11-5
V ortex Ring State (Settling With Power) ..............11-5
Retreating Blade Stall............................................11-6
Ground Resonance.................................................11-7
Dynamic Rollover .................................................11-7
Critical Conditions............................................11-8
Cyclic Trim .......................................................11-8
Normal Takeoffs and Landings.........................11-8
Slope Takeoffs and Landings............................11-8
Use of Collective ..............................................11-9
Precautions........................................................11-9
Low G Conditions and Mast Bumping ...............11-10
Low Rotor RPM and Blade Stall ........................11-10
Recovery From Low Rotor RPM........................11-10
Systems Malfunctions..........................................11-11
Antitorque System Failure ..............................11-11
Landing—Stuck Left Pedal........................11-11
Landing—Stuck Neutral or
Right Pedal .................................................11-12
Unanticipated Yaw / Loss of Tail Rotor
Effectiveness (LTE) ........................................11-12
Main Rotor Disc Interference
(285-315°) .......................................................11-12
Weathercock Stability
(120-240°) .......................................................11-13