Chapter 6
Flight Manuevers .................................................6-1
Introduction ...................................................................6-1
Effects and the Use of the Controls ...............................6-2
Attitude Flying ..............................................................6-4
Straight-and-Level Flying ..............................................6-4
Trim Control .................................................................6-7
Level Turns ...................................................................6-7
Coordinating the Controls ..........................................6-8
Climbs and Climbing Turns .........................................6-12
Descents and Descending Turns ..................................6-14
Gliding Turns ..........................................................6-16
Pitch and Power ..........................................................6-16
Steep Turn Performance Maneuver .............................6-16
Energy Management ....................................................6-19
Slow Flight and Stalls ..................................................6-20
Slow Flight ...............................................................6-20
Stalls .........................................................................6-21
Power-Off Stall Manuever .......................................6-23
Whip Stall and Tumble Awareness ..............................6-24
A Scenario ................................................................6-24
Chapter Summary ........................................................6-26
Chapter 7
Takeoff and Departure Climbs ...........................7-1
Introduction ...................................................................7-1
Terms and Defi nitions ................................................7-2
Prior to Takeoff ..............................................................7-2
Normal Takeoff ..............................................................7-2
Takeoff Roll ...............................................................7-3
Lift-Off .......................................................................7-3
Initial Climb ...............................................................7-4
Crosswind Takeoff .........................................................7-6
Takeoff Roll ...............................................................7-6
Rotation and Lift-Off .................................................7-6
Initial Climb ...............................................................7-6
Ground Effect on Takeoff ..............................................7-7
Short Field Takeoff and Steepest Angle Climb .............7-8
Takeoff Roll ...............................................................7-9
Lift-Off and Climb Out ..............................................7-9
Soft/Rough Field Takeoff and Climb ..........................7-10
Takeoff Roll .............................................................7-12
Lift-Off and Initial Climb .........................................7-12
Rejected Takeoff/Engine Failure .................................7-12
Noise Abatement ..........................................................7-13
Chapter Summary ........................................................7-13
Chapter 8
The National Airspace System ...........................8-1
Introduction ....................................................................8-1
Uncontrolled Airspace ...................................................8-2
Class G Airspace ........................................................8-2
Controlled Airspace .......................................................8-4
Class E Airspace .........................................................8-4
Towered Airport Operations ......................................8-6
Class D Airspace ........................................................8-6
Class C Airspace ........................................................8-6
Class B Airspace ........................................................8-7
Airspace Above 10,000' MSL and Below 18,000' .....8-8
Class A Airspace ........................................................8-8
Special Use Airspace .....................................................8-8
Prohibited Areas .........................................................8-8
Restricted Areas .........................................................8-9
Warning Areas ............................................................8-9
Military Operations Areas (MOAs) ...........................8-9
Alert Areas ...............................................................8-10
Controlled Firing Areas ............................................8-10
Parachute Jump Areas ..............................................8-11
Other Airspace Areas ...................................................8-11
Local Airport Advisory ............................................8-11
Military Training Routes (MTRs) ............................8-11
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) .....................8-11
Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) ...................8-12
National Security Areas (NSAs) ..............................8-12
Published VFR Routes .................................................8-12
Flight Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges,
Parks, and Forest Service Areas ...................................8-12
WSC Operations ..........................................................8-12
WSC and Air Traffi c Control ...................................8-12
Navigating the Airspace ...........................................8-13
Chapter Summary ........................................................8-13
Chapter 9
Ground Reference Maneuvers ...........................9-1
Introduction ....................................................................9-1
Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects .............9-2