acceleration error .........................................................5-13
acceleration in cruise flight ..........................................4-10
ADF components ...........................................................9-3
advanced technologies .................................................9-24
advanced technology systems ......................................5-28
aerodynamic factors ............................................... 4-1, 5-1
aerodynamics .................................................................4-2
aeronautical information manual (AIM) .............. 1-1, 10-2
aircraft control ................................................................8-3
during instrument flight ..............................................6-3
aircraft system malfunctions ........................................11-3
air data computer (ADC) .............................................5-22
airplane trim ...................................................................6-8
airport/facility directory (A/FD) ..................................10-2
airport sketch/airport diagram ......................................1-27
air route traffic control center (ARTCC) .......................2-7
airspace classification .....................................................1-2
Class A .......................................................................1-2
Class C ........................................................................1-2
Class D .......................................................................1-2
Class E ........................................................................1-2
Class G .......................................................................1-2
airspeed ..........................................................................5-9
indicated airspeed (IAS) .............................................5-9
calibrated airspeed (CAS) ..........................................5-9
equivalent airspeed (EAS) ..........................................5-9
mach number ............................................................5-10
true airspeed (TAS) ....................................................5-9
airspeed changes
common errors ..........................................................8-10
in straight-and-level flight .............................. 7-11, 7-40
airspeed color codes .....................................................5-10
airspeed indicator (ASI) .5-8, 6-6, 6-8, 6-10, 7-6, 7-37, 8-5
air traffic control (ATC) .................................................2-1
alternator/generator failure ...........................................11-5
altimeter ...............................................6-10, 7-3, 7-36, 8-4
enhancements (encoding) ...........................................5-7
analog instrument failure .............................................11-7
analog pictorial displays ..............................................5-23
angle of attack ................................................................4-2
applying the four-step process .....................................6-20
approach azimuth guidance ..........................................9-43
approach control advances ...........................................2-12
precision runway monitor (PRM).............................2-12
PRM benefits ............................................................2-13
PRM radar ................................................................2-12
approach control facility ..............................................2-12
approaches ..................................................................10-13
lighting systems (ALS) .............................................9-38
to airport with an operating tower ..........................10-15
to airport without an operating control
tower .......................................................................10-13
to parallel runways .................................................10-20
to stall .......................................................................7-26
area navigation (RNAV) ..............................................9-22
ATC inflight weather avoidance assistance .................2-11
ATC radar weather displays .........................................2-11
ATC reports .................................................................10-7
ATC towers ....................................................................2-5
atmosphere .....................................................................4-4
layers of the atmosphere .............................................4-5
attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) ...........5-22
attitude control ...............................................................6-3
attitude direction indicator (ADI) ................................5-23
attitude indicator .. 5-19, 6-4, 7-2, 7-6, 7-34, 7-37, 8-3, 8-5
attitude instrument flying
fundamental skills.....................................................6-24
primary and supporting method ...............................6-21
using the control and performance method ................6-2
using the primary and supporting method ..................6-4
automated flight service stations (AFSS) .......................2-4
automatic dependent surveillance—broadcast
(ADS-B) .......................................................................5-28
autopilot systems ..........................................................5-25
usage .........................................................................7-58
autorotations .................................................................8-17
common errors ..........................................................8-17
aviation magnetic compass ..........................................5-10
Index
bank ..............................................................................7-25
bank control .......................... 6-4, 6-7, 6-20, 7-6, 7-37, 8-5
blockage of the pitot-static system .................................5-2
pitot system ................................................................5-2
static system ...............................................................5-3
cancelling IFR flight plans ...........................................10-3
center approach/departure control ..................................2-7
certified checkpoints ....................................................9-16
change of airspeed
during turns ..............................................................7-24
in turns ......................................................................8-14
circling approaches ....................................................10-20
patterns .....................................................................7-32
clearances .....................................................................10-3
separations ................................................................10-4
climbing and descending turns ........................... 7-24, 8-15
climbing while accelerating ...........................................3-8
climbing while turning ...................................................3-8
climbs ................................................................. 4-10, 7-14
common cross-check errors .........................................6-11
communication equipment .............................................2-2
communication facilities ................................................2-4
communication/navigation system malfunction ..........11-8
communication procedures ............................................2-4
compass locator ............................................................9-38
compass turns ............................................ 7-21, 7-53, 8-15
compliance with published standard instrument
approach procedures ..................................................10-13
conducting an IFR flight ............................................10-26
constant airspeed climb
from cruise airspeed .................................................7-46
from established airspeed .........................................7-47
constant rate climbs ......................................................7-47
control and performance method .................................6-18
control instruments ............................................... 6-2, 6-18
control sequence ...........................................................2-13
coping with spatial disorientation ..................................3-8
course deviation indicator (CDI) .................................9-11
course interception .......................................................9-14
course reversal elements in plan view and profile
view ..............................................................................1-20
procedure turns .........................................................1-20
holding in lieu of procedure turn ..............................1-20
teardrop procedure ....................................................1-21
density altitude ...............................................................4-5
departure procedures (DPs) ................................ 1-12, 10-5
departures and instrument departure
procedures (DPs) ..........................................................9-31
departures from airports without an operating control
tower ............................................................................10-7
descents .............................................................. 7-16, 7-49
differential global positioning systems (DGPS) ..........9-32
distance measuring equipment (DME) ........................9-17
arc .............................................................................9-17
components .............................................................9-17
function .....................................................................9-17
holding ....................................................................10-13
disturbances to radio wave reception .............................9-3
diving or rolling beyond the vertical plane ....................3-8
diving while turning .......................................................3-8
drag ................................................................................4-3
induced drag ...............................................................4-3
parasite drag ...............................................................4-3
skin friction drag ........................................................4-3
interference drag .........................................................4-3
form drag ....................................................................4-4
drag curves .....................................................................4-6
dry air vacuum pump ...................................................5-17
dynamic pressure type instruments ................................5-8
ears .................................................................................3-4
electrical systems .........................................................5-17
electronic flight display malfunction ...........................11-4
electronic flight instrument systems .............................5-27
emergencies ..................................................................8-16
engine instruments .........................................................6-8
en route procedures ......................................................10-7
errors during compass turns .........................................7-26
establishing a standard rate turn ...................................7-51
eyes ................................................................................3-2
federal airways ...............................................................1-4
filing in flight................................................................10-2
flags or other signal strength indicators .......................9-11
flight director system (FDS) .........................................5-23
flight instruments ................................................. 4-16, 8-2
flight management systems (FMS) ........... 5-26, 5-27, 9-44
function .....................................................................9-46
flight services station (FFS) ...........................................2-4
flightpath ........................................................................4-2
flight support systems ..................................................5-22
flux gate compass system .............................................5-15
four forces ......................................................................4-2
drag .............................................................................4-3
lift ....................................................................... 4-2, 4-6
thrust ...........................................................................4-3
weight .........................................................................4-3
function of ADF .............................................................9-4
glideslope (GS) ............................................................9-37
global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ..................9-24
global positioning system (GPS) ....................... 5-27, 9-25
components ...............................................................9-25
errors .........................................................................9-31
function .....................................................................9-26
instrument approaches ..............................................9-29
nearest airport function .............................................11-9
substitution ...............................................................9-27
substitution for ADF or DME ..................................9-27
ground proximity warning system (GPWS) ................5-34
ground wave ...................................................................9-2
gyroscopic instruments ................................................5-19
gyroscopic systems ......................................................5-16
heading .........................................................................7-44
heading indicator ................. 5-19, 6-7, 6-10, 7-7, 7-38, 8-6
head-up display (HUD) ...................................... 5-34, 9-46
height above landing (HAL) ........................................1-27
helicopter trim ..............................................................6-10
holding instructions ....................................................10-10
holding procedures .....................................................10-10
homing ...........................................................................9-5
horizontal situation indicator (HSI) ................... 5-23, 7-38
how radio waves propagate ............................................9-2
how to prevent landing errors due to optical illusions ...3-9
IAP minimums ...........................................................10-21
ICAO cold temperature error table ................................5-5
icing ..............................................................................4-13
antenna icing.............................................................4-17
clear ice.....................................................................4-13
effects of icing on critical aircraft systems ...............4-16
general effects of icing on airfoils ............................4-14
induction icing ..........................................................4-13
mixed ice ..................................................................4-14
propeller icing...........................................................4-16
rime ice .....................................................................4-14
structural icing .............................................. 4-13, 10-23
IFR en route charts .........................................................1-6
airport information .....................................................1-6
charted IFR altitudes ..................................................1-6
navigation features .....................................................1-7
IFR flight plan ..............................................................10-2
IFR flight using GPS ....................................................9-28
illusions leading to spatial disorientation .......................3-5
inadvertent icing encounter ..........................................11-2
inadvertent thunderstorm encounter ............................11-2
inertial navigation system (INS) ..................................9-34
INS components .......................................................9-34
INS errors .................................................................9-34
inoperative components ...............................................1-27
instrument approach capabilities ..................................9-32
instrument approaches to civil airports ......................10-13
instrument approach procedure charts .........................1-12
margin identification.................................................1-12
pilot briefing .............................................................1-16
plan view ..................................................................1-16
instrument approach procedure (IAP) ..........................1-12
approach systems ......................................................9-35
cross-check .............................................. 6-10, 6-24, 8-2
instrument flight .............................................................8-2
instrument flight patterns ................................... 7-30, 7-61
instrument flying common errors .................................6-27
emphasis ...................................................................6-28
fixation ......................................................................6-27
omission ...................................................................6-28
instrument interpretation ...................................... 6-13, 8-3
instrument landing systems (ILS) ................................9-35
airborne components ................................................9-38
components ...............................................................9-35
errors .........................................................................9-40
function .....................................................................9-40
instrument takeoff ..................................... 7-29, 7-60, 8-17
common errors ....................................... 7-29, 7-61, 8-18
instrument weather flying ..........................................10-22
integrated flight control system ....................................5-25
intercepting bearings ......................................................9-8
intercepting lead radials ...............................................9-18
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ........1-1
international standard atmosphere (ISA) .......................4-5
intersections ...................................................................1-7
inverted-V cross-check ................................................6-11
landing ........................................................................10-22
landing minimums .......................................................1-23
large airplanes ..............................................................4-10
law of inertia, the ...........................................................4-4
law of momentum, the ...................................................4-4
law of reaction, the .........................................................4-4
learning methods .................................................. 6-2, 6-16
letters of agreement (LOA) ..........................................2-15
leveling off ......................................................... 7-16, 7-17
load factor ....................................................................4-12
local area augmentation system (LAAS) .....................9-33
localizer ........................................................................9-35
localizer type directional aid (LDA) ............................9-43
loss of alternator/generator for electronic flight
instrumentation ............................................................11-5
magnetic compass ................................................ 5-10, 6-7
acceleration error ......................................................5-13
construction ..............................................................5-11
deviation ...................................................................5-12
induced errors ...........................................................5-11
northerly turning errors ............................................5-13
oscillation error.........................................................5-14
southerly turning errors ............................................5-13
theory of operations ..................................................5-11
variation ....................................................................5-12
magnetism ....................................................................5-10
marker beacons .................................................. 9-37, 9-40
master battery switch ...................................................11-5
maximum allowable airspeed ......................................5-10
microwave landing system (MLS) ...............................9-43
missed approaches .....................................................10-21
multi-function display (MFD) ......................................5-28
National Aeronautical Navigation Services
(AERONAV services) .................................................10-2
National Airspace System (NAS) ..................................1-1
navaids ...........................................................................1-7
navigating the MFD page groups ...............................11-10
nearest airport page group ......................................11-10
nearest airports page soft keys................................11-10
nearest airports using the MFD ..............................11-10
nearest airports using the PFD..................................11-9
navigation/communication equipment ...........................2-2
navigation instruments ......................................... 6-2, 6-19
NDB components ...........................................................9-3
nerves .............................................................................3-5
Newton’s First Law ........................................................4-4
Newton’s Second Law ...................................................4-4
Newton’s Third Law ......................................................4-4
nondirectional radio beacon (NDB) ...............................9-3
nonprecision approaches ..............................................1-23
nose-high attitudes .......................................................7-27
nose-low attitudes ........................................................7-28
Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP) .......................10-2
obstacle departure procedures (ODP) ................ 1-12, 10-5
omnibearing selector (OBS) ........................................9-11
operating on the main battery ............................ 11-5, 11-6
operational errors of ADF ..............................................9-8
optical illusions ..............................................................3-9
featureless terrain illusion ..........................................3-9
fog ................................................................... 3-9, 10-24
ground lighting illusions .............................................3-9
haze .............................................................................3-9
runway width illusion .................................................3-9
runway and terrain slopes illusion ..............................3-9
water refraction...........................................................3-9
other routing ...................................................................1-5
partial panel flight ........................................................7-36
performance instruments ...................................... 6-2, 6-19
pitch .................................................................... 7-25, 7-43
pitch attitude instrument cross-check .............................6-7
pitch control ........................ 6-4, 6-20, 6-22, 7-2, 7-34, 8-3
pitch/power relationship .................................................4-6
pitot/static instruments ...................................................5-3
pitot/static system failure .............................................11-8
pitot/static systems .........................................................5-2
planning the descent and approach ..............................10-8
pneumatic system failure .............................................11-7
pneumatic systems .......................................................5-17
POH/AFM ....................................................................10-2
point in space approach ................................................1-27
position reports .............................................................10-7
postural considerations ...................................................3-7
power .................................................................. 7-26, 7-45
control ....................................... 6-4, 6-8, 6-21, 7-8, 7-39
control during straight-and-level flight.......................8-7
settings .............................................................. 7-9, 7-39
sources ......................................................................5-17
precipitation static ........................................................11-3
precision approaches ....................................................1-23
preferred IFR ..................................................................1-5
pressure altitude .............................................................4-5
pressure indicating systems ..........................................5-17
primary bank ................................................................6-23
primary flight display (PFD) ........................................5-27
primary pitch ................................................................6-22
primary power ..............................................................6-24
primary yaw .................................................................6-23
procedural steps in using control and performance .......6-2
procedure turn ..............................................................7-30
racetrack pattern ...........................................................7-30
radar ...............................................................................2-3
radar and transponders ...................................................2-3
Mode C (altitude reporting) ........................................2-3
radar approaches ........................................................10-15
radar-controlled departures ..........................................10-5
radar limitations ...........................................................9-48
radar monitoring of instrument approaches ...............10-18
radar navigation (ground-based) ..................................9-46
radio altimeters .............................................................5-29
radio principles ...............................................................9-2
recognizing unusual attitudes .......................................7-27
recovery from unusual attitudes ...................................7-27
rectangular cross-check ................................................6-11
reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM) .............5-7
regions of command .......................................................4-7
control characteristics .................................................4-7
relative wind ...................................................................4-2
remote indicating compass ...........................................5-15
required navigation instrument system inspection .......5-36
required navigation performance .................................9-44
reversal of motion ..........................................................3-8
RNAV instrument approach charts ..............................1-30
route information .........................................................1-10
safety systems ..............................................................5-29
scanning techniques .....................................................6-24
selected radial cross-check ................................. 6-11, 6-24
sensitive altimeter ..........................................................5-3
altimeter errors ...........................................................5-4
cold weather altimeter errors ......................................5-5
inherent altimeter error ...............................................5-5
principle of operation .................................................5-3
sensory systems for orientation ......................................3-2
servo failure .................................................................8-17
side-step maneuver .....................................................10-20
simplified directional facility (SDF) ............................9-42
situational awareness .................................................11-11
sky wave .........................................................................9-2
slip/skid indicator .........................................................7-39
slow-speed flight ............................................................4-8
small airplanes ...............................................................4-9
sources of flight planning information .........................10-2
space wave .....................................................................9-2
spatial disorientation ....................................... 3-2, 3-5, 3-7
special use airspace ........................................................1-2
speed stability .................................................................4-8
normal command ........................................................4-8
reversed command ......................................................4-8
stall warning systems ...................................................4-17
standard 45° procedure turn .........................................7-30
standard entry procedures ..........................................10-11
standard holding pattern (no wind) ............................10-10
standard holding pattern (with wind) .........................10-10
standard instrument departures ....................................10-5
standard rate turns .............................................. 7-19, 7-51
standard terminal arrival routes (STARS) ......... 1-12, 10-9
standby battery .............................................................11-6
static pressure .................................................................5-2
station passage ...............................................................9-5
steep turns .......................................................... 7-22, 7-53
straight-and-level flight ........................6-22, 7-2, 7-34, 8-3
common errors ......................................... 7-12, 7-43, 8-7
straight climbs and descents ............................... 7-14, 7-46
common errors ....................................... 7-17, 7-50, 8-13
straight climbs (constant airspeed and constant rate) ..8-10
straight descents (constant airspeed and
constant rate) ..............................................................8-12
substitutes for inoperative or unusable components ..10-10
synthetic vision ............................................................5-28
systems preflight procedures ........................................5-36
tailplane stall symptoms ...............................................4-16
teardrop patterns ...........................................................7-31
techniques for electrical usage ........................... 11-5, 11-6
temporary flight restrictions (TFRS) ..............................1-4
terminal arrival area (TAA) .........................................1-18
terminal procedures publications .................................1-12
departure procedures ................................................1-12
marginal identification ..............................................1-12
standard terminal arrival routes ................................1-12
terminal radar approach control (TRACON) .................2-6
terrain alerting systems ................................................5-34
terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS) ..........5-34
the four-step process used to change attitude ..............6-19
adjust ........................................................................6-20
cross-check ...............................................................6-20
establish ....................................................................6-19
trim ...........................................................................6-20
tilting to right or left .......................................................3-8
timed approaches from a holding fix .........................10-18
timed turns ................................................ 7-21, 7-53, 8-13
time factors .................................................................10-12
tower en route control (TEC) ................................. 1-6, 2-7
tracking ..........................................................................9-5
tracking to and from the station ...................................9-14
traditional navigation systems ........................................9-3
traffic advisory systems ................................................5-29
traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) ...5-30
traffic alert systems ......................................................5-30
traffic avoidance .........................................................11-12
traffic avoidance systems .............................................5-30
traffic information system ............................................5-29
transponders ...................................................................2-3
trim .....................................................4-8, 6-20, 7-26, 7-45
control .........................................................................6-8
technique ........................................................ 7-12, 7-43
turn-and-slip indicator .......................................... 5-20, 7-8
turn coordinator .................................................... 5-21, 7-7
turn coordinator/turn-and-slip indicator .........................6-8
turn indicator ........................................................ 5-20, 8-7
turn rate indicator .........................................................7-38
turns..................................................4-10, 7-19, 7-51, 8-13
common errors ................................................ 7-25, 8-15
coordination of rudder and aileron controls .............4-11
radius of turn ............................................................4-11
rate of turn ................................................................4-11
turns to predetermined headings ............... 7-20, 7-52, 8-13
unforecast adverse weather ..........................................11-2
unusual attitude recovery protection ............................7-55
unusual attitudes ...........................................................8-16
unusual attitudes and recoveries ..................................7-26
common errors .......................................... 7-28, 7-58, 8-16
vacuum pump systems .................................................5-17
venturi tube systems .....................................................5-17
vertical card magnetic compass ...................................5-15
vertical descent angle (VDA) .......................................1-23
vertical speed indicator (VSI) ..................5-8, 6-5, 7-4, 8-5
very high frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) .......9-8
function .....................................................................9-11
operational errors ......................................................9-14
receiver accuracy check............................................9-16
test facility (VOT) ....................................................9-16
vestibular illusions .........................................................3-5
coriolis illusion ...........................................................3-6
elevator illusion ..........................................................3-6
graveyard spiral ..........................................................3-6
inversion illusion ........................................................3-6
leans, the .....................................................................3-5
somatogravic illusion .................................................3-6
VFR-on-top ................................................................10-26
VFR over-the-top .......................................................10-26
visibility figures ...........................................................1-23
vision under dim and bright illumination .......................3-3
visual illusions ...............................................................3-7
false horizon ...............................................................3-7
autokinesis ..................................................................3-7
VOR accuracy ..............................................................9-16
VOR components .........................................................9-10
VOR/DME RNAV .......................................................9-22
components ...............................................................9-23
function .....................................................................9-23
errors .........................................................................9-24
VSI tape .......................................................................7-36
weather avoidance assistance .......................................2-11
weather conditions .....................................................10-22
thunderstorms .........................................................10-24
turbulence ...............................................................10-22
volcanic ash ............................................................10-24
wind shear...............................................................10-25
weather information and communication features .......1-10
wet-type vacuum pump ................................................5-17
wide area augmentation system (WAAS) ....................9-32
wind shear ..................................................................10-25
windshields ..................................................................4-17
wing................................................................................4-2